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Juvenile-to-adult phase change is an indispensable event which guarantees a successful life cycle. Phase change has been studied in maize, Arabidopsis and rice, but is mostly unknown in other species. Soybean/Fabaceae plants undergo drastic changes of shoot architecture at the early vegetative stage including phyllotactic change and leaf type alteration from simple to compound. These characteristics...
Although the role of phosphatases and antioxidant enzymes have been documented in phosphorus (P) deficiency tolerance, gene expression differences in the nodules of nitrogen fixing legumes should also affect tolerance to this soil constraint. In this study, root nodules were induced by Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 in two Phaseolus vulgaris recombinant inbred lines (RIL); RIL115 (low P-tolerant) and RIL147...
In the first reaction specific for proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) converts cyanidin to (−)-epicatechin. The glucosyltransferase UGT72L1 catalyzes formation of epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside (E3′OG), the preferred substrate for MATE transporters implicated in PA biosynthesis in both species. The mechanism of PA polymerization...
Plant root architecture is regulated by the initiation and modulation of cell division in regions containing pluripotent stem cells known as meristems. In roots, meristems are formed early in embryogenesis, in the case of the root apical meristem (RAM), and during organogenesis at the site of lateral root or, in legumes, nodule formation. Root meristems can also be generated in vitro from leaf explants...
We have succeeded in isolating an MdMYB110a_JP gene responsible for a red-fleshed trait from a fruit of apple cultivar ‘JPP35’ (‘Jonathan’ × ‘Pink Pearl’). The isolated MdMYB110a_JP gene was located on chromosome (ch.) 17, which was different from the location of known MdMYB1/10 gene of ch.9, and ‘JPP35’ and ‘Pink Pearl’ did not contain the known R6:MdMYB10 allele responsible for the red-skin...
Plant-specific ethylene response factors (ERFs) play important roles in abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Using a transgenic approach, we identified two rice ERF genes, OsERF4a and OsERF10a, which conferred drought stress tolerance. In particular, OsERF4a contains a conserved ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif in its C-terminal region that has been shown to function as...
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in seed dormancy and transcriptional regulation of genes coding for ABA biosynthetic and degradation enzymes is responsible for control of ABA content. However, little is known about signalling both before and after ABA regulation, in particular, how environmental signals are perceived and transduced. We are interested in these processes in cereal grains, particularly...
The plant hormone ethylene is known to affect various developmental processes including dormancy and growth. Yet, little information is available about the role of ethylene during paradormancy release in underground adventitious buds of leafy spurge. In this study, we examined changes in ethylene evolution and the ethylene biosynthetic enzyme ACC oxidase following paradormancy release (growth induction)...
Increasing H2O2 levels in guard cells in response to environmental stimuli are recently considered a general messenger involved in the signaling cascade for the induction of stomatal closure. But little is known as to whether subsidiary cells participate in the H2O2-mediated stomatal closure of grass plants. In the present study, 2-week-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays) were exposed to different degrees...
Flavonoids have broad cross-kingdom biological activity. In Arabidopsis, flavonoid accumulation in specific tissues, notably the root elongation zone and root/shoot junction modulate auxin transport, affect root gravitropism, and influence overall plant architecture. The relative contribution made by aglycones and their glycosides remains undetermined, and the longer-term phenotypic effects of altered...
The identification, isolation and functional characterization of two genes encoding two monoterpene synthases—γ-terpinene synthase (Tctps2) and α-terpineol synthase (Tctps5)—from three chemically distinct Thymus caespititius (Lamiaceae) genotypes were performed. Genomic exon–intron structure was also determined for both terpene synthase genes, revealing an organization with seven exons and six introns...
Plant architecture is regulated by a complex interplay of some key players (often transcription factors), phytohormones and other signaling molecules such as microRNAs. The columnar growth habit of apple trees is a unique form of plant architecture characterized by thick and upright stems showing a compaction of internodes and carrying short fruit spurs instead of lateral branches. The molecular basis...
Plant desiccation-related proteins (DRPs) were first identified as pcC13-62 from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum and it has been suggested they are involved in plant desiccation tolerance. We identified and characterized a plant DRP, which we called MS-desi, in the floral nectar of a subtropical bean species, Mucuna sempervirens (MS). MS-desi is a major nectar protein (nectarin)...
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and adaptation. PAL enzymes are encoded by a gene family in plants. Here, we report a genome-wide search for PAL genes in watermelon. A total of 12 PAL genes, designated ClPAL1-12, are identified . Nine are arranged in tandem in two duplication blocks located on chromosomes...
Different histone modifications often modify DNA-histone interactions affecting both local and global structure of chromatin, thereby providing a vast potential for functional responses. Most studies have focused on the role of several modifications in gene transcription regulation, being scarce on other aspects of eukaryotic chromosome structure during cell division, mainly in meiosis. To solve this...
Apomixis enables the clonal propagation of maternal genotypes through seed. If apomixis could be harnessed via genetic engineering or introgression, it would have a major economic impact for agricultural crops. In the grass species Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris (syn. P. ciliare), apomixis is controlled by a single dominant “locus”, the apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR). For P....
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for rhizobial symbioses to convert N2 into NH4 usable for N nutrition in legumes and N cycle in ecosystems. This N2 fixation process occurs in nodules with a high energy cost. Phytate is the major storage form of P and accounts for more than 50 % of the total P in seeds of cereals and legumes. The phytases, a group of enzymes widely distributed in plant and microorganisms,...
Eggs deposited on plants by herbivorous insects represent a threat as they develop into feeding larvae. Plants are not a passive substrate and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to detect eggs and induce direct and indirect defenses. Recent years have seen exciting development in molecular aspects of egg-induced responses. Some egg-associated elicitors have been identified, and signaling pathways...
Germination is controlled by external factors, such as temperature, water, light and by hormone balance. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to act as messengers during plant development, stress responses and programmed cell death. We analyzed the role of ROS during germination and demonstrated that ROS in addition to their role as cell wall loosening factor are essential signalling...
HAP is a ubiquitous transcription factor family which consists of three distinct subunits, namely HAP2, HAP3, and HAP5. Among them, HAP2 and HAP3 subunits have been reported to be involved in plant response to abiotic stress. Here, a HAP5 subunit was identified from Picea wilsonii Mast. and transformed to Arabidopsis to investigate its functions in plant stress response. We found that transformed...
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